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案例研究
测试时间：无人机受GNSS欺骗的影响有多严重？
德国联邦国防军飞行器技术和适航性中心（WTD-61）正在使用思博伦的移动GNSS模拟平台努力寻找问题的答案。
The Bundeswehr Technical and Airworthiness Centre for Aircraft (WTD-61) is conducting a test project using a Spirent mobile GNSS simulation platform to assess the vulnerability of commercial unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to GNSS spoofing. Accurate and reliable positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems are essential for the efficient and safe operation of vehicles, including trucks and drones. However, with the increasing use of UAS, the risk of inaccurate GNSS information leading to UAS crashes and security breaches is on the rise.
Spoofing involves broadcasting fake GNSS signals at higher power to deceive a GNSS receiver into locking onto the fake signal. This can be exploited for various purposes, including theft, disruption, and terrorism. WTD-61, a German Armed Forces test center specializing in evaluating military aircraft and aerial weapon systems, is assessing the vulnerability of commercial UAS to such spoofing attacks.
The Spirent mobile GNSS simulation platform is custom-built for specialized scenarios, supporting multi-frequency, multi-GNSS applications with flexibility. It uses Spirent's live sky synchronization tool, Standpoint, to facilitate over-the-air testing in live sky conditions, synchronizing GNSS signals with those received by the UAS under test. WTD-61 worked with technical experts from Fraunhofer IIS to power spoofed GNSS signals at an open-air test range.
During the tests, researchers evaluated the effects of spoofed GNSS signals on 8 common commercial UAS models. Surprisingly, every UAS displayed unexpected behavior, even those with additional sensors and positioning technologies to counter attacks like spoofing. The UAS positioning engines were tricked into prioritizing the more powerful spoofed signals, causing unexpected changes in direction and altitude acceleration.
The results conclusively demonstrated the feasibility of consistently manipulating a UAS's position solely by spoofing the GNSS receiver. This highlights the importance of effective testing against potential threats to UAS, especially as the industry moves towards beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) and autonomous operations. Addressing these vulnerabilities is crucial to ensure the safe and reliable operation of unmanned aircraft in various applications.